Enigma/Sending and Receiving Messages - Revision history

Admin: /* Sending and Receiving with the Simulator */

2012-02-25T23:18:35Z

‎Sending and Receiving with the Simulator

Admin: /* Sending and Receiving with the Simulator */ updated to account for new Send option

2012-02-25T23:16:34Z

‎Sending and Receiving with the Simulator: updated to account for new Send option

Craig: /* Machine Settings */ links to JavaScript settings generator

2012-02-13T00:00:58Z

‎Machine Settings: links to JavaScript settings generator

Craig: /* Sending and Receiving with the Simulator */ consistent terminology

2012-02-05T12:07:42Z

‎Sending and Receiving with the Simulator: consistent terminology

Craig: clarify that the army indicator procedure was refined in two stages

2012-02-03T23:26:29Z

clarify that the army indicator procedure was refined in two stages

Craig: created from sandbox

2012-02-03T00:16:37Z

created from sandbox

New page

Using an Enigma machine to encrypt a message lets you send it to a recipient who would can decrypt it, while an enemy intercepting the message can't decrypt it. To successfully decrypt the message, the recipient must use a compatible model of Enigma machine, with the same machine settings, with the same message key.
__TOC__
The method of communicating the settings and message key is called the ''indicator procedure'' and the Germans used several different methods before and during World War II. Security weaknesses in these indicator procedures were one of the main ways in which the Polish and British codebreakers were able to decrypt intercepted messages.

==Machine Settings==

Tables of machine settings for each day of a month were created and physically distributed in printed form. Different tables were used for different "networks", representing different branches of the armed forces.

Dirk Rijmenants has created a [http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/codebook.htm free Windows PC tool] for generating tables of random machine settings.

A wireless station could have been part of more than one network, so the first part of the message (along with the date) would typically include a code indicating which network, and hence which machine settings, it was intended for.

==Message Key==

The simplest thing to do would be to simply transmit the message key (the letters showing in the rotor windows) in plain text at the start of each message. In modern encryption algorithms, this would be called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector initialisation vector] and is acceptable security practice. In the case of the Enigma, however, the message key was regarded as part of the secret shared between sender and receiver and therefore it was encrypted before sending.

Encrypting the message key doesn't add a lot of security ([[Enigma/Key_Length|mathematically]] it contributes less than 10 bits to the effective key length) and, given the security problems flawed indicator procedures caused in practice, the Germans may have been better off not doing it!

Up to 1938, the German army procedure was to include a fixed starting position for the rotors in the settings sheets, and then encrypt the message key twice (to detect keying or transmission errors) at the start of the message. This had several flaws, and from 1938 they switched to the operator choosing an arbitrary different starting position for each message, transmitting that start position (i.e. the initialisation vector), then choosing a different message key, encrypting it once and transmitting that result, then setting the rotors to the chosen message key and encrypting the actual message.

==Sending and Receiving with the Simulator==

To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things as the real Enigma operators did. First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device.

To send an actual message, follow these steps:
# Load the file with your agreed settings into the simulator.
# Open the messaging app that you will send your message from. Choose 3 (or 4 depending on how many rotors your machine model has) letters as your random start position and type them in as the start of your message.
# Switch back to the simulator (the home key is useful for this), turn the rotors to the letters you chose, then type 3 (or 4 as appropriate) new letters for the message key (remember what you typed!)
# Note what letters are printed, switch to the messaging app and type them in.
# Switch to the simulator, click the tape and '''Clear''' it, turn the rotors to the message key you chose in step 3, and then key in your message.
# When you have completed the message, click the tape and '''Copy''' the printed text.
# Switch to the messaging app and paste the encrypted message (long press on the input box).
# Send the message!

The recipient then follows these steps:
# Load the file with your agreed settings into the simulator.
# Turn the rotors to the first 3 (or 4) letters of the message.
# Key in the next 3 (or 4) letters from the message to get the message key.
# Turn the rotors to the message key.
# Copy the rest of the message text from your messaging app.<br />You may need to copy the full message, paste it in to a new message so you can edit it, delete the first part that you don't want and then copy it again.
# Switch back to the simulator, click the tape and '''Paste'''.
# Read the message!

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==Sending and Receiving with the Simulator==
-To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device, or share a password and use it with the settings generator pages linked to above.
+To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device, or share a key phrase password and use it with the settings generator pages linked to above.
 To send an actual message, follow these steps:

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==Sending and Receiving with the Simulator==
-To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device.
+To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device, or share a password and use it with the settings generator pages linked to above.
 To send an actual message, follow these steps:
 # Load the file with your agreed settings into the simulator.
-# Open the messaging app that you will send your message with (e.g. email or SMS) and create a new message.  Choose 3 (or 4 depending on how many rotors your machine model has) letters as your random start position and type them in as the start of your message.
+# Choose 3 (or 4 depending on how many rotors your machine model has) letters as your random start position and turn the rotors to these letters.  Note down this start position.
-# Switch back to the simulator (the home button is useful for this), turn the rotors to the letters you chose, then type 3 (or 4 as appropriate) new letters for the message key (remember what you typed!)
+# Type 3 (or 4 as appropriate) new letters for the message key.  Remember these letters!  Note down what letters are printed on the tape.
-# Note what letters are printed, switch to the messaging app and type them in.
+# Click the tape and '''Clear''' it, turn the rotors to the message key you chose in step 3, and then type your message.
-# Switch to the simulator, click the tape and '''Clear''' it, turn the rotors to the message key you chose in step 3, and then type your message.
+# When you have completed the message, click the tape and select '''Send'''.
-# When you have completed the message, click the tape and '''Copy''' the printed text.
+# Choose which messaging app you want to use and enter the address of the recipient.
-# Switch to the messaging app and paste the encrypted message (long press on the input box).
+# Add the start position you noted down in step 2, and the encrypted message key you noted down in step 3, at the start of the message.
 # Send the message!
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 # Type the next 3 (or 4) letters from the message to get the message key.
 # Turn the rotors to the message key.
-# Copy the rest of the message text from your messaging app.<br />(You may need to copy the full message, paste it in to a new message so you can edit it, delete the first part that you don't want and then copy it again.)
+# Copy the rest of the message text from your messaging app; a long press on the text will usually give you a '''Copy''' option.<br />(You may need to copy the full message, paste it in to a new message so you can edit it, delete the first part that you don't want and then copy it again.)
 # Switch back to the simulator, click the tape and '''Paste'''.
 # Read the message!

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 Tables of machine settings for each day of a month were created and physically distributed in printed form.  Different tables were used for different "networks", representing different branches of the armed forces.
-Dirk Rijmenants has created a [http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/codebook.htm free Windows PC tool] for generating tables of random machine settings.
+There is a special page on this wiki which you can use to generate tables of random machine settings:
 A wireless station could have been part of more than one network, so the first part of the message (along with the date) would typically include a code (the ''discriminant'') indicating which network, and hence which machine settings, it was intended for.

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 Dirk Rijmenants has created a [http://users.telenet.be/d.rijmenants/en/codebook.htm free Windows PC tool] for generating tables of random machine settings.
-A wireless station could have been part of more than one network, so the first part of the message (along with the date) would typically include a code indicating which network, and hence which machine settings, it was intended for.
+A wireless station could have been part of more than one network, so the first part of the message (along with the date) would typically include a code (the ''discriminant'') indicating which network, and hence which machine settings, it was intended for.
 ==Message Key==
-The simplest thing to do would be to simply transmit the message key (the letters showing in the rotor windows) in plain text at the start of each message.  In modern encryption algorithms, this would be called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector initialisation vector] and is acceptable security practice.  In the case of the Enigma, however, the message key was regarded as part of the secret shared between sender and receiver and therefore it was encrypted before sending.
+The simplest thing to do would be to transmit the message key (the letters showing in the rotor windows) in plain text at the start of each message.  Such a plain text transmission would be called an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector initialisation vector] in modern encryption algorithms and is accepted security practice.  In the case of the Enigma, however, the message key was regarded as part of the secret shared between sender and receiver, therefore it was encrypted before sending.
 Encrypting the message key doesn't add a lot of security ([[Enigma/Key_Length|mathematically]] it contributes less than 10 bits to the effective key length) and, given the security problems flawed indicator procedures caused in practice, the Germans may have been better off not doing it!
-Up to 1938, the German army procedure was to include a fixed starting position for the rotors in the settings sheets, and then encrypt the message key twice (to detect keying or transmission errors) at the start of the message.  This had several flaws, and from 1938 they switched to the operator choosing an arbitrary different starting position for each message, transmitting that start position (i.e. the initialisation vector), then choosing a different message key, encrypting it once and transmitting that result, then setting the rotors to the chosen message key and encrypting the actual message.
+Up to 1938, the German army procedure was to set a fixed starting position for the rotors (part of the day's settings) and to use that to encrypt the message key twice (to detect keying or transmission errors) at the start of the message.  This had two [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma security problems] that were subsequently corrected: from September 1938 they switched to the operator choosing a different starting position for each message (in effect, an initialisation vector) and transmitting it before the encrypted message key; from May 1940 the operator encrypted the message key once only.
 ==Sending and Receiving with the Simulator==
-To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things as the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device.
+To send and receive encrypted messages with the simulator, you need to do essentially the same things the real Enigma operators did.  First agree which machine model and settings you are going to use; the simplest option would be to use the settings from one of the save files pre-installed in the simulator, but sender and receiver can make up their own settings together and each save them on their own device.
 To send an actual message, follow these steps: